這部紀錄片簡直為我打開了中世紀的大門，中世紀的人實在太好玩了，各種狗血劇情看得我好high，于是忍不住以法國國王為順序，挨個翻了一下他們的wiki，看看都發生了什么狗血八卦。他們的老婆也個個都不是省油的燈啊。everything so fucked up, lolllll 總的感想：所有的戰爭規模都超級小，幾萬人都算大的。政治上非常幼稚，來點聯姻什么的就算高階游戲了。人都死得很random，什么撞在門框上死了之類的，衛生條件和醫術真的很差啊。婚姻都非常兒戲，不高興了就用近親的理由離婚，寡婦再嫁也非常常見，小三姘頭啥的滿天飛。 這樣的中世紀緊接著非常光榮繁華的文藝復興，我真的是非常想不通啊，這簡直跟直立人突然出現在地球上一樣根本是生物突變嘛。而且文藝復興前還有大航海，這么弱的政權是怎么統治大西洋另外一端的殖民地的？其實也就是名義上的吧。 卡佩王朝，百年戰爭之前 公元987年，法國進入Direct Capetian王朝。一開始title只是King of Franks，從Philip II Augustus （1180年繼位）開始變成King of France。 卡佩王朝的開國君主于格·卡佩及其男系后代從987年開始統治法國直到1792年在法國大革命中被推翻，歷時800多年，而1814年至1848年更成功地復辟了兩次（波旁復辟）。1328年卡佩王朝的直系——卡佩王室絕嗣，之后其兩大支系瓦盧瓦王室和波旁王室相繼統治法國。 我非常好奇法國群主這些名字都是誰取的，非常的直白毫不留情：比如Louis VI the Fat，但其實他相當驍勇，在擴大王權方面相當有建樹。只是后期太胖已經很難再上前線。。。 他的兒子Louis VII the Young開啟了法國卡佩王朝和英國金雀花王朝長長久久對法國王位的爭奪。路易七世一開始和Eleanor of Aquitaine（1102-1204）結婚，她是Duchess of Aquitaine。路易七世必須和她生下男性繼承人之后，法國才能把Aquitaine并入領土。據說Eleanor舉止輕浮，性格太強勢，非常不得婆婆和其他貴族喜歡。但路易七世非常愛她。她在第二次十字軍之后就希望annul婚姻，但直到她一直生不出兒子才被允許離婚。離婚后Aquitaine土地歸還給她。而她離婚后八周就與英國的王子Duke of Normandy結婚了。后來她老公變成了英格蘭的亨利二世。而且她給亨利生了8個娃，包括Richard the Lionheart。結果英格蘭認為他們對Aquitaine有主張權，從此開始對法國領土不依不饒。 Eleanor of Aquitaine實在是妙人一個。以下摘自wikipedia： She was one of themost powerful and wealthiest women in western Europe during the High Middle Ages. The Duchy of Aquitaine was the largest and richest province of France. Eleanor was extroverted, lively, intelligent, and strong-willed. She led armies several times in her life and was a leader of the Second Crusade(但并不代表她真的有軍事才能). Soon after the Second Crusade, Eleanor sought an annulment of her marriage.（旅游使人認清婚姻的本質，哈哈） However, only after the birth of her second daughter Alix, Louis agreed to an annulment, as 15 years of marriage had not produced a son. As soon as the annulment on grounds of consanguinity was granted, Eleanor became engaged to the duke of Normandy, who became King Henry II of England in 1154. Henry was her third cousin and 11 years younger. Over the next 13 years, she bore eight children: five sons, three of whom became kings; and three daughters. However, Henry and Eleanor eventually became estranged. Henry imprisoned her in 1173 for supporting their son Henry's revolt against him. She was not released until 6 July 1189, when Henry died and their second son, Richard the Lionheart, ascended the throne. She died at age 82. 當她爸爸William去世的時候，Eleanor只有13或15歲。As these were the days when kidnapping an heiress was seen as a viable option for obtaining a title, William dictated a will on the very day he died that bequeathed his domains to Eleanor and appointed King Louis VI of France as her guardian. The death of William made available the most desirable duchy in France. While presenting a solemn and dignified face to the grieving Aquitainian messengers, Louis VI exulted when they departed. Rather than act as guardian to the duchess and duchy, he decided to marry the duchess to his 17-year-old heir and bring Aquitaine under the control of the French crown. Within hours, the king had arranged for Prince Louis to be married to Eleanor. 這段描寫也太經典了，簡直有史記的風范。 與路易七世離婚后，As Eleanor traveled to Poitiers (where her dad died), two lords —Theobald V, Count of Blois, and Geoffrey, Count of Nantes, brother of Henry II, Duke of Normandy —tried to kidnap and marry her to claim her lands. As soon as she arrived in Poitiers, Eleanor sent envoys to Henry, duke of Normandy and future king of England, asking him to come at once to marry her. On 18 May 1152, eight weeks after her annulment, Eleanor married Henry "without the pomp and ceremony that befitted their rank." 雖然他們生了8個娃，但其實Henry風流韻事不斷。Henry's notorious affair with Rosamund Clifford had become known, and Eleanor's marriage to Henry appears to have become terminally strained. During the period from Henry's accession to the birth of Eleanor's youngest son John, affairs in the kingdom were turbulent: Aquitaine, as was the norm, defied the authority of Henry as Eleanor's husband and answered only to their duchess. 與此同時，Louis of France had remarried and been widowed; he married for the third time and finally fathered a long hoped-for son, Philip Augustus, also known as Dieudonne—God-given). "Young Henry," son of Henry and Eleanor, wed Marguerite of France, daughter of Louis from his second marriage. 親家和仇人之間為什么轉換得這么自然。。。。 路易七世唯一的兒子Philip II竟成了卡佩王朝第一位強權君王，誰想得到？他把英國人從Anjou、Normandy和Aquitine趕走了，并且簽訂了對法國非常有利的英法條約，削弱了德意志，建立了法蘭西的強大王權。他的婚姻依舊沒有讓我失望的好笑，以下摘抄自wikipedia： 腓力二世是卡佩王朝的第一位強大的君主。腓力二世奉行明顯的使國家集權化的政策，力圖抑制使法國王權陷于癱瘓的強大諸侯。 王室領地的最大擴展來自于腓力二世與英格蘭金雀花王朝諸國王的斗爭。金雀花王朝的始祖亨利二世由于出身西法蘭克貴族而在法蘭西境內擁有大量領地，包括安茹和諾曼底，又通過婚姻獲得對阿基坦的統治權。為了削弱亨利二世的勢力，腓力二世竭力挑撥亨利和他的幾個兒子（亨利、理查、喬弗雷、約翰）之間的關系。腓力二世支持理查和約翰在亨利二世晚年發動的叛亂；在理查一世繼承王位后，他又積極策劃打擊理查。 腓力二世是1189年~1192年的第三次十字軍東征的領袖之一。歐洲的另外兩位重要君主，神圣帝國皇帝腓特烈一世和英格蘭國王理查一世也參加了這次十字軍東征。這次東征毫無成果：腓特烈在小亞細亞渡河時淹死，腓力二世與理查矛盾明顯而分道揚鑣。 1206年10月13日，腓力二世與理查一世的繼任者約翰（also known asJohn Lackland，因為他是最小的一個兒子，其他幾個哥哥已經把地分完了，啊哈哈哈哈）在圖阿爾簽訂和約。這個和約對法蘭西王室壓倒性地有利：約翰被迫放棄羅亞爾以北所有原屬金雀花王朝的領地，包括諾曼底、阿基坦、安茹和圖賴訥。按照條約，約翰應保有普瓦圖；但腓力于1207年就又侵入了這一地區。 1214年7月21日，腓力二世領導法軍與約翰和奧托四世的聯軍在布汶戰役中展開決戰。法軍在戰斗中獲得了決定性的勝利。布汶戰役Battles of Bouvines具有歷史意義。它不僅是羅馬帝國滅亡以來西歐發生的第一場傷亡重大的戰役，而且還標志著法蘭西取代德意志成為歐洲大陸上最主要的國家。德意志在以后的歷史中不斷衰弱、分裂，而法蘭西則在百年戰爭后成為西歐的頭號強國。 On 15 August 1193, he married Ingeborg, daughter of King Valdemar I of Denmark. She was renamed Isambour. Phillip, however, discovered on their wedding night that she hadterribly bad breath （中世紀的人怎么這么可愛，哈哈哈哈）, and he refused to allow her to be crowned queen. Ingeborg protested at this treatment; his response was to confine her to a convent. He then asked Pope Celestine III for an annulment on the grounds of non-consummation. Philip had not reckoned with Isambour, however; she insisted that the marriage had been consummated, and that she was his wife and the rightful queen of France. The Franco-Danish churchman William of Paris intervened on the side of Ingeborg, drawing up a genealogy of the Danish kings to disprove the alleged impediment of consanguinity. In the meantime, Philip had sought a new bride. Initial agreement had been reached for him to marry Margaret of Geneva, daughter of William I, Count of Geneva, but the young bride's journey to Paris was interrupted by Thomas I of Savoy, who kidnapped Philip's intended new queen and married her instead, claiming that Philip was already bound in marriage.（娶個老婆容易嗎？） Philip finally achieved a third marriage on 7 May 1196, when he was married to Agnes of Merania from Dalmatia. Pope Innocent III declared Philip Augustus' marriage to Agnes of Merania null and void, as he was still married to Ingeborg. He ordered the king to part from Agnes, and when he did not, the pope placed France under an interdict in 1199. This continued until 7 September 1200. Due to pressure from the pope and from Ingeborg's brother King Valdemar II of Denmark, Philip finally took Isambour back as his wife in 1201, but it would not be until 1213 that she would be recognized at court as queen. 他跟第一個老婆生了三個娃，包括他的繼承者。跟Agnes生了三個娃，都被承認了。完全沒有跟Isambour生娃... 路易八世，在當王子時跟老爸并肩作戰一路打到了倫敦，因為當地貴族真的很討厭John Lackland所以紛紛反叛用戶路易（迎接解放軍么？）英格蘭竟然也有輸得這么慘的時候啊！ There was little resistance when the prince entered London, and Louis was proclaimed king at Old St Paul's Cathedral with great pomp and celebration in the presence of all of London. Even though he was not crowned, many nobles, as well as King Alexander II of Scotland on behalf of his English possessions, gathered to give homage. 但當John死了后，貴族們擁立九歲的繼承人亨利三世，就把路易趕走了。10,000 marks were given to Louis. In return for this payment, Louis agreed he had never been the legitimate king of England. 1223年11月1日，路易反其父所為，簽署法令，禁止官員向猶太人借貸。路易的禁令是一次解決這一身為政教分離持續根源的法律問題的嘗試。 路易九世，唯一死后被羅馬教廷封圣的法國皇帝，因此常被稱為“圣路易”。這個人大概有些爭議，他的英文的wikipedia比中文的簡單很多，但是我查了多個reference之后確認中文的版本應該沒有大的史實錯誤。Highlight包括：1. 君士坦丁堡的敗家子 2.（基督教圣人的）反猶行動 3. 非常popular的遺體。以下摘自中文維基百科： 成年后，路易結束了卡佩王朝和金雀花王朝間的沖突，將包括普羅旺斯地區艾克斯、博凱爾、卡爾卡松地區及布盧瓦、沙特爾、沙托丹和桑塞爾等伯爵領地并入王家領地，并加強了對諾曼底、安茹、圖賴訥、曼恩和普瓦圖的控制。 英格蘭的亨利三世與路易九世于1259年簽訂了巴黎條約， 亨利三世同意放棄諾曼底（除了海峽群島）、曼恩省、安茹省和普瓦圖。他可以繼續占有法國的加斯科尼和部分阿基坦，但只作為路易九世的諸侯身份保有。作為交換，路易九世不再支持反英叛亂。 Doubts about interpreting the Treaty began almost as soon as it was signed. The agreement resulted in the fact that the English kings had to pay homage liege to the French monarchs for territories on the continent. The situation did not help the friendly relationship between the two states, as it made two sovereigns of equal powers in their countries in fact unequal. According to professor Malcolm Vale, the Treaty of Paris was one of the indirect causes of the Hundred Years' War. 第七次十字軍東征失敗后，路易將失敗的原因歸因為神的懲罰，因此加強王權，重建基督教道德秩序。他決定懲治褻瀆、賭博、放貸和賣淫；他也試圖讓猶太人自愿或強制改宗。為此，他對猶太人施以各種手段，包括焚毀塔木德 (the primary source of Jewish religious law and theology）等，他在統治末期，迫使猶太人在胸前和后背佩戴黃色或紅色的圓形標志，同時保護他們免受攻擊。 他從君士坦丁堡的博杜安二世Baldwin II（敗家子）那里買下了很多圣物。1237年，君士坦丁堡的拉丁貴族們需要錢，準備把耶穌受難時的荊冠Crown of thorns出售給外國人。在路易的特使達到君士坦丁堡后發現，由于急需用錢，拉丁貴族們在此期間已經以荊冠作為抵押品，向威尼斯的錢莊借債。倘若在圣杰爾威和普羅泰的殉難日6月18日之前不能贖回，荊冠就歸威尼斯人所有，并將送往威尼斯。威尼斯和路易達成協議，將荊冠讓給法國人。在運輸過程中，希臘人通過他們的間諜已經獲悉這筆圣物交易和即將由海路運送的消息，準備劫奪圣物。可是，圣物平安抵運威尼斯，后改走陸路并由神圣羅馬帝國皇帝弗里德里希二世的帝國護衛隊護送，這是基督教世界非教會安全事務中的最高司法保障。圣物終于平安達到巴黎。 Louis IX于1270年去世，在1297年被封圣。封圣之后，尸體變得非常受歡迎，從挪威到布拉格都有分到一杯羹。1610年9月，瑪麗·德美第奇獲贈一塊遺骨，后來她深感懊悔，遂趁路易十三加冕之際原物奉還。奧地利的安娜于1616年獲贈一小塊肋骨后猶感不足，翌年終于獲贈一條完整的肋骨；后來她又請吉斯樞機主教出面說情，為巴黎和羅馬的耶穌會士弄到了一條肋骨和一條臂骨。最后，埋葬在蒙特利爾的圣路易內臟一直平安無事，1860年，兩西西里國王弗朗切斯科二世被趕出國內，在流亡途中隨身帶著圣路易內臟。（OK，這一整段只有single source，所以可信度存疑。） 但是把心臟等部分和其他尸體分開埋葬，是從于格卡佩就開始的風俗。法國人真的好詭異啊！！！這是什么神喪葬習俗。。。。Commencing in the 13th century, the very catholic French sovereigns had their hearts, bowels, and internal organs (including the brain) separated from the rest of the body at death. A ritual ceremony was set up to glorify the royal organ, which was a symbol of political power and the people’s religious fervor. For all that separation, the body, the bowels, the internal organs, and the heart were interred in the same tomb. The ritual of separating the heart at death reached its peak in the 17th century: luxurious cardiotaphs (heart tombs) were created, funeral orations, and the appearance of grand ceremonies for heart burials, with specific testaments to the organ. In the debate opposing soul and body, the magnificence of the heart tombs contrasted greatly with the modesty of the funeral plaques covering the royal remains. Practiced not only by the kings of France, blood princes, and the French high nobility, separate heart-burial was also the custom for Polish, Scottish, and Austro-Hungarian nobility, as well as civil dignitaries and prelates of the Catholic Church. From the death of Hugues Capet in 997, the bodies of the kings of France (except three) were buried in the Basilica of Saint-Denis, but the hearts were meted out to different destinations according to the deceased sovereign’s will. Many were placed in the Church of the Annunciation in Paris. Spreading the royal hearts throughout the territory was a way for the French monarchy to make their political mark on the entire land. 他老婆Margaret of Provence相當有政治野心，曾經讓自己小兒子起誓要聽從自己直到30歲（大概相當于現在的50歲？）。她自己活到了74歲。她關系最好的妹妹Eleanor of Provence后來嫁給了Henry III，就是簽巴黎協議的那個。她的婆婆也是非常high strong，所以兩人互相憎恨。 Philip IV, 圣路易的孫子，綜合來看稱他為卡佩王朝最后一個暴君應該還算公平。他的外號是the Fair，指他外表很帥，the Iron King，指他手段鐵血，冷酷無情。His fierce opponent Bernard Saisset, bishop of Pamiers, said of him, "He is neither man nor beast. He is a statue.” 歷史意義：Philip and his advisors were instrumental in the transformation of France from a feudal country to a centralized state. His ambitions made him highly influential in European affairs. His goal was to place his relatives on foreign thrones. Princes from his house ruled in Naples and Hungary. He tried and failed to make another relative the Holy Roman Emperor. He began the long advance of France eastward by taking control of scattered fiefs. Through marriage, he gained Champagne and Brie. He also gained Lyon for France in 1312. 他干了幾件大事： 1. 與英國Edward I的領土紛爭，做法十分沒節操。 As the duke of Aquitaine, English King Edward I was a vassal to Philip, and had to pay him homage. 1293年，英國人與諾曼人發生海上沖突，腓力四世借機宣召英格蘭國王愛德華一世，令后者以封臣的身份前往法國宮廷。對英國國王而言，不僅有失顏面，更是一場外交危機。愛德華派自己的兄弟與腓力談判解決爭端，達成協議雙方各自歸還部分土地。愛德華乖乖歸還了領土，Philip IV直接食言，而且與英格蘭的宿敵蘇格蘭人秘密達成聯盟。這個被捅破后，戰爭不可避免地爆發，持續了七、八年 。對Philip來說雪上加霜的是，1302年Battle of the Golden Spurs，法國封建騎士慘敗給佛蘭德斯Flanders（現荷蘭）行會民兵。于是英法在1303年簽訂Treaty of Paris。并且在1308年，愛德華和腓力結為親家。 2. 因為戰爭債臺高筑，為籌措資金，放逐猶太人，搞通貨膨脹，造成金融危機。 First, he arrested Jews so that he could seize their assets to accommodate the inflated costs of modern warfare, expelling them from his French territories on 22 July 1306. The Jews were regarded as honest, good businessmen who satisfied their customers, while the king's collectors were universally unpopular. Finally, in 1315（已經是Louis X在位）, because of the "clamor of the people", the Jews were invited back with an offer of 12 years of guaranteed residence, free from government interference. Jews were to wear an armband at all times. In 1322, the Jews were expelled again by the King's successor Charles IV, who did not honor his commitment. A second group of targets consisted of rich abbots男修道院院長 and Lombard merchants (northern Italy), who had earlier made him extensive loans on the pledge of repayment from future taxation. Like the Jews, the Lombard bankers were expelled from France and their property expropriated. In addition to these measures, Philip debased the French coinage, which had a harsh impact on all less-wealthy people of France. This financial crisis led to rioting in Paris which forced Philip to briefly seek refuge in the Paris Temple - headquarters of the Knights Templar, 即圣殿騎士團。后面看看他是如何恩將仇報的。 3. 殺教皇，改教廷到Avignon Philip IV與教皇之間的矛盾愈演愈烈。一開始是將所有宗教人員的稅率調高到50%，教廷異常憤怒，Pope Boniface VIII直接發布命令，任何基督教機構不再向法國皇室轉移任何財產。Philip IV召開了第一次三級會議，企圖利用民眾聲音來貶低教皇。This assembly, which was composed of clergy, nobles, and burghers, gave support to Philip. 腓力四世直接派了自己的謀士去逮捕教皇 sent his agent Guillaume de Nogaret to arrest Boniface at Anagni. The pope escaped but died soon afterward. The French archbishop Bertrand de Goth was elected pope as Clement V and thus began the so-called Babylonian Captivity of the papacy (1309–77), during which the official seat of the papacy moved to Avignon, an enclave surrounded by French territories, and was subjected to French control. 4. 摧毀圣殿騎士團 腓力四世想搞死圣殿騎士團主要有兩個原因吧，我感覺，第一是削弱教宗力量，鞏固集權；第二是自己欠了他們太多錢了。 At daybreak on Friday, 13 October 1307, hundreds of Templars in France were simultaneously arrested by agents of Philip the Fair, to be later tortured into admitting heresy in the Order. The Templars were supposedly answerable to only the Pope, but Philip used his influence over Clement V, who was largely his pawn, to disband the organization. Pope Clement did attempt to hold proper trials, but Philip used the previously forced confessions to have many Templars burned at the stake before they could mount a proper defense. 腓力四世1268-1314活了46歲，算是中世紀平均年齡吧，在位接近30年，沒有發生什么狗血的事情。不過他的子女們，個個都相當精彩。 腓力四世有三個兒子，Louis，Philip，Charles，全部都做了法國國王，全部都很短命。Louis娶了 Margaret, the daughter of Robert II, Duke of Burgundy. Philip娶了Joan，the eldest daughter of Otto IV, Count of Burgundy。 Charles娶了Blanche, another of Otto's daughters。他有一個女兒，嫁給了英國國王Edward II。 這三個兒子的婚姻都有點不正常。Louis' is considered to have been an unhappy match; Louis, known as "the Quarreler" and "the Headstrong", is said to have preferred playing real tennis to spending time with the "feisty and shapely" Margaret. Charles, a relatively conservative, "strait-laced" and "stiff-necked" individual, had an unexceptional marriage. Philip, in contrast, became noted for his unusual generosity to his wife Joan; the pair had a considerable number of children in a short space of time and Philip wrote numerous, if formulaic, love letters to his wife over the years. 他的女兒也許嫁了個gay或者bi，最后也許因愛生恨殺了自己老公。Isabella's marriage proved difficult, largely due to Edward's intimate relationship with his close friend and possible lover, Piers Gaveston (這哥們三次被流放三次被召回最后被貴族忍無可忍謀殺了的牛x愛情故事我們下次再細講）. Isabella looked frequently to her father for help addressing the problems in her English marriage. Isabella's own marriage failed catastrophically in due course, with many historians believing that she was responsible for the murder of her husband Edward in 1327 after Isabella's seizure of power in England with her lover Roger de Mortimer in 1326. Isabella首先發現了自己兩個嫂嫂與兩個騎士的奸情，Margaret和Blanche，并報告給了父親腓力四世。腓力四世自然大怒。這個巨大的王室丑聞被稱為Tour de Nesle affair。因為這個塔是這兩對私會的地方。Blanche and Margaret were tried before the Paris Parlement and found guilty of adultery. The two women had their heads shaven and were sentenced to life imprisonment. Joan was also tried before the Parlement but was found innocent, partially as a result of her husband Philip's influence. 不知道是不是受這件事情影響，腓力四世同一年就去世了。 這件歷史性丑聞的影響直接導致了法國不承認女性后裔的繼承權，所以法國從來沒有女王。The affair badly damaged the reputation of women in senior French circles, contributing to the way that the Salic Law was implemented during subsequent arguments over the succession to the throne. Louis作為大兒子繼承王位，半年后Margaret在地牢里去世了（很可能是被毒殺）。Louis在她死后5天就再婚，對象是Clementia of Hungary, the niece of Louis' own uncle Charles of Valois. Louis X死得也是很好笑，following a particularly exhausting tennis game, Louis drank a large quantity of cooled wine and subsequently died of either pneumonia or pleurisy, although there was also suspicion of poisoning Clementia給他生下了一個兒子John，但5天后就一命嗚呼了。還是得了個謚號John I the Posthumous遺腹子。因為恰好因為打網球死掉了，Louis X成為歷史上第一位有記載的網球選手。 老爸Philip IV是個改革派，他的政治理想是中央集權，所以他決策不依賴貴族更多是用自己的謀士，而看看中國歷史就知道商鞅啊王安石這一類改革派的下場都不怎么好。Louis X即位后，很依賴叔叔Charles of Valois，這個人自然支持封建制，并視腓力四世的謀士們為眼中釘。他一開始慫恿Louis X用貪污的罪名栽贓Enguerrand de Marigny結果不太好使。于是就改用了巫術/黑魔法socery的罪名。這一招迅速湊效，謀士Enguerrand de Marigny被砍了頭。自古罪名都是越莫須有越好用啊。 Philip V the tall，Louis X的弟弟，繼承了王位。在位僅六年就死于痢疾，沒有留下男性繼承人。Philip V出人意料是個相當有政治才能的君主。Modern historians have described Philip V as a man of "considerable intelligence and sensitivity", and the "wisest and politically most apt" of Philip IV's three sons. 他建立了獨立的財政部門，統一度量衡，改革貨幣，平定Flanders叛亂，緩和猶太人問題。 Amongst Philip's key appointments was the later cardinal Pierre Bertrand, who would play a key role in successive French royal governments in subsequent years. Charles IV, Louis X和Philip V的弟弟，繼承了王位，是卡佩王朝最后一位君主。外號也叫the Fair，是個帥哥。由于老婆被抓奸，他繼承王位之后就annul婚姻，把老婆送去修道院，另外娶了Marie of Luxembourg, the daughter of Henry VII, the Holy Roman Emperor, 娃早產的時候死了。第三個老婆叫Jeanne d'évreux: she was his first cousin, and the marriage required approval from Pope John XXII. Charles沒有什么政治覺悟，也搞通貨膨脹、征稅什么的，不得人心。在位六年，沒有留下男性繼承人。他的堂弟Philip of Valois繼承王位成為Philip VI，瓦盧瓦王朝的第一位君主。由于Charles的妹妹Isabella嫁給了英國Edward II并且生了Edward III，所以英國人覺得自己對法國王位也有主張權。當然主要還是因為連著三個短命的法國國王，加上腓力四世窮兵黷武，法國元氣大傷，才讓英國覺得有可乘之機，終于開始了百年戰爭的序幕。 我本來以為下面就可以開始寫百年戰爭了，但是我突然發現Isabella是個大人物啊！這個姑娘竟然從哥哥手里拿了錢雇了雇傭軍，打回了英國，抓了自己老公，自己和情人當了攝政王，最后安享晚年。這是多么勵志的故事！ 瓦盧瓦王朝，百年戰爭 第一集： 百年戰爭前半 第二集： 圣女貞德 war of roses 都鐸王朝 Henry VII attained the throne when his forces defeated King Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field, the culmination of the Wars of the Roses. He was the last king of England to win his throne on the field of battle. He cemented his claim by marrying Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV and niece of Richard III. Henry was successful in restoring the power and stability of the English monarchy after the civil war. He was the first monarch of the House of Tudor. 第三集： 查理十一 勃艮第 第四集： 查爾斯五世神圣羅馬帝國 西班牙屬于神圣羅馬帝國 Francis first 政治上非常幼稚 Francis I of France A prodigious patron of the arts, he initiated the French Renaissance by attracting many Italian artists to work on the Chateau de Chambord, including Leonardo da Vinci, who brought the Mona Lisa with him, which Francis had acquired. Field of the Cloth of Gold he formed a Franco-Ottoman alliance with the Muslim sultan Suleiman the Magnificent Charles VIII died childless in 1498 and was succeeded by Louis XII, who himself had no male heir 亨利八世不愛江山愛美人，女兒是伊麗莎白一世Henry is best known for his six marriages, in particular his efforts to have his first marriage, to Catherine of Aragon, annulled. Anne Boleyn She resisted his attempts to seduce her, refusing to become his mistress, which her sister Mary had been. It soon became the one absorbing object of Henry's desires to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon so he would be free to marry Anne. When it became clear that Pope Clement VII would not annul the marriage, the breaking of the Catholic Church's power in England began. Because she never had a son, Henry was courting Jane Seymour. In order to marry Jane Seymour, Henry had to find reasons to end the marriage to Anne. She was beheaded. 法國查理八世狗血 死于撞上門框 中世紀jp morgan，發明了利息